Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume 102, Issue 12 , Pages 1255-1262 , December 2008

Risk factors for active trachoma in The Gambia

  • E.M. Harding-Esch

      Affiliations

    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 20 7927 2419; fax: +44 20 7637 4314.
    • ,
  • T. Edwards

      Affiliations

    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
    • ,
  • A. Sillah

      Affiliations

    • National Eye Care Programme, Ministry of Health, Banjul, The Gambia
    • ,
  • I. Sarr-Sissoho

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Council Laboratories, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
    • ,
  • E.A. Aryee

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Council Laboratories, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
    • Present address: Public Health & Reference Laboratory (PHRL) Korle-Bu, P.O. Box 300, Accra, Ghana.
    • ,
  • P. Snell

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Council Laboratories, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
    • Present address: ALSPAC, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, UK.
    • ,
  • M.J. Holland

      Affiliations

    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
    • Medical Research Council Laboratories, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
    • ,
  • D.C. Mabey

      Affiliations

    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
    • ,
  • R.L. Bailey

      Affiliations

    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

Received 22 February 2008 ,Revised 16 April 2008 ,Accepted 16 April 2008.

References 

  1. Abdou A, Nassirou B, Kadri B, Moussa F, Munoz BE, Opong E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2007;91:13–17
  2. Baggaley RF, Solomon AW, Kuper H, Polack S, Massae PA, Kelly J, et al. Distance to water source and altitude in relation to active trachoma in Rombo district, Tanzania. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2006;11:220–227
  3. Bailey R, Osmond C, Mabey DC, Whittle HC, Ward ME. Analysis of the household distribution of trachoma in a Gambian village using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1989;18:944–951
  4. Bailey R, Downes B, Downes R, Mabey D. Trachoma and water use; a case control study in a Gambian village. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1991;85:824–828
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  6. Bailey R, Duong T, Carpenter R, Whittle H, Mabey D. The duration of human ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection is age dependent. Epidemiol. Infect. 1999;123:479–486
  7. Burton MJ, Holland MJ, Faal N, Aryee EA, Alexander ND, Bah M, et al. Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection load in Gambian villages. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2003;44:4215–4222
  8. Burton MJ, Holland MJ, Makalo P, Aryee EA, Alexander ND, Sillah A, et al. Re-emergence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection after mass antibiotic treatment of a trachoma-endemic Gambian community: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2005;365:1321–1328
  9. Dolin PJ, Faal H, Johnson GJ, Minassian D, Sowa S, Day S, et al. Reduction of trachoma in a sub-Saharan village in absence of a disease control programme. Lancet. 1997;349:1511–1512
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  14. Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC. Review of the evidence base for the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2000;5:515–527
  15. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Human and other faeces as breeding media of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2001;15:314–320
  16. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba SM, Faal HB, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1093–1098
  17. Emerson PM, Simms VM, Makalo P, Bailey RL. Household pit latrines as a potential source of the fly Musca sorbens—a one year longitudinal study from The Gambia. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2005;10:706–709
  18. Faal H, Minassian DC, Dolin PJ, Mohamed AA, Ajewole J, Johnson GJ. Evaluation of a national eye care programme: re-survey after 10 years. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2000;84:948–951
  19. Gower EW, Solomon AW, Burton MJ, Aguirre A, Munoz B, Bailey R, et al. Chlamydial positivity of nasal discharge at baseline is associated with ocular chlamydial positivity 2 months following azithromycin treatment. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006;47:4767–4771
  20. Mabey DC, Bailey RL, Ward ME, Whittle HC. A longitudinal study of trachoma in a Gambian village: implications concerning the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection. Epidemiol. Infect. 1992;108:343–351
  21. Mabey DC, Solomon AW, Foster A. Trachoma. Lancet. 2003;362:223–229
  22. Ngondi J, Matthews F, Reacher M, Onsarigo A, Matende I, Baba S, et al. Prevalence of risk factors and severity of active trachoma in southern Sudan: an ordinal analysis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007;77:126–132
  23. Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A, Pickels A. Reliable estimation of generalized linear mixed models using adaptive quadrature. Stata J. 2002;2:1–21
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  25. Schemann JF, Sacko D, Malvy D, Momo G, Traore L, Bore O, et al. Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2002;31:194–201
  26. Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, West SK, Alexander ND, Aguirre A, et al. Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet. 2003;362:198–204
  27. Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR. A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull. World Health Organ. 1987;65:477–483
  28. West S, Munoz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Chilangwa Z, Mmbaga BB, et al. Impact of face-washing on trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania. Lancet. 1995;345:155–158
  29. West SK, Munoz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Mmbaga BB, Taylor HR. Risk factors for constant, severe trachoma among preschool children in Kongwa, Tanzania. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996;143:73–78
  30. WHO, 1997. Planning Meeting for the Global Elimination of Trachoma, Geneva, 25–28 November 1996. World Health Organization, Geneva, WHO/PBL/97.60.

PII: S0035-9203(08)00168-5

doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.022

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume 102, Issue 12 , Pages 1255-1262 , December 2008

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