Geographic information system mapping of snakebite incidence in northern Ghana and Nigeria using environmental indicators: a preliminary study

Abstract 

Snakebite is an important health problem in many parts of rural West Africa where the carpet or saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus, is responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality. Marked seasonal and geographical variation in the incidence of snakebite suggests an association with environmental factors that could potentially identify high-risk areas and inform health care decision making. This preliminary investigation describes a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to risk mapping that identifies environmental variables potentially associated with variation in snakebite incidence rates at a number of health facilities in northern Ghana and Nigeria and which has been used to create a preliminary risk map of the potential probability of high snakebite incidence for West Africa. Detailed and extensive further studies will enable the more reliable estimation of snakebite incidence at a local level across the region.

Keywords:  snakebite, Echis ocellatus, epidemiology, Geographic Information System, Ghana, Nigeria

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