Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume 97, Issue 2 , Pages 170-176 , March 2003

The prolonged epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: ‘bringing down the neighbourhood’

  • Hugh Reyburn

      Affiliations

    • HealthNet International, Kabul, Afghanistan
    • ,
  • Mark Rowland

      Affiliations

    • HealthNet International, Kabul, Afghanistan
    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCIE 7HT, UK
    • ,
  • Mohammmed Mohsen

      Affiliations

    • HealthNet International, Kabul, Afghanistan
    • ,
  • Bismulla Khan

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Malaria and Parasitic Disease, Kabul, Afghanistan
    • ,
  • Clive Davies

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for correspondence: Clive Davies, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCIE 7HT, UK; fax +44 (0)20 7927 2164
    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCIE 7HT, UK

Received 30 July 2002 ,Revised 5 November 2002 ,Accepted 8 November 2002.

References 

  1. Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious Diseases of Humans. Dynamics and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992;
  2. Ashford R, Kohestany K, Karimzad M. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul: observations on a prolonged epidemic. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1992;86:361–371
  3. Ashford RW, Rioux J-A, Jalouk L, Khiami A, Dye C. Evidence for a long-term increase in the incidence of Leishmania tropica in Aleppo, Syria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993;87:247–249
  4. Davies CR, Llanos-Cuentas A, Canales J, Leon E, Alvarez E, Menge J, et al. The fall and rise of Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis: transient impact of the DDT campaign in Peru. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994;88:389–393
  5. Hewitt S, Reyburn H, Ashford R, Rowland M. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: vertical distribution of cases in apartment blocks. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998;92:273–274
  6. Killick-Kendrick R, Killick-Kendrick M, Tang Y. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: the high susceptibility of Phlebotomus sergenti to Leishmania tropica. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995;89:477
  7. Marsden P. The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan. In: Karachi: Oxford University Press; 1998;p. 88–102
  8. Masoom M, Marri SM. Current status of leishmaniasis in Pakistan. In:  Bhaduri AN,  Basu MK,  Sen AK,  Kumar S editor. Current Trends in Leishmania Research. India: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; 1982;p. 231–236
  9. Nadim A, Rostami K. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1974;51:45–49
  10. Nadim A, Tahvildari-Bidruni Gh. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: B. Khorassan. Part VI. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Neishabur, Iran. Bulletin de la Societe de la Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales. 1977;70:171–177
  11. Nadim A, Javadian E, Noushin MK, Nayh AAK. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. Part 2. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales. 1979;72:461–466
  12. Omar A, Saboor A, Saidi SM, Sery V. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. Afghan Journal of Public Health. 1968;1:1–6
  13. Pinto MC, Campbell-Lendrum DH, Lozovei AL, Teodoro U, Davies CR. Phlebotomine sandfly responses to carbon dioxide and human odour in the field. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2001;15:132–139
  14. Reyburn H, Ashford R, Mohsen M, Hewitt S, Rowland M. A randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bednets and chaddars or top sheets, and residual spraying of interior rooms for the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000;94:361–366
  15. Rowland M, Munir A, Durrani N, Noyes H, Reyburn H. An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an Afghan refugee settlement in north-west Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999;93:133–136
  16. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Keighobadi K, Nadim A. Urban cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kerman, Southeast Iran. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales. 1984;77:312–319
  17. Tayeh A, Jalouk L, Cairncross S. Twenty years of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo, Syria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997;91:657–659
  18. WHO . Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Afghanistan. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2002;77:246

PII: S0035-9203(03)90111-8

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume 97, Issue 2 , Pages 170-176 , March 2003

Article Tools