Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume 98, Issue 5 , Pages 278-283 , May 2004

Protocol and monitoring to improve snake bite outcomes in rural Ghana

  • L.E Visser

      Affiliations

    • Mathias Hospital, P.O. Box 43, Yeji, Brong Ahafo, Ghana
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +233-0-568-22052.
  • ,
  • S Kyei-Faried

      Affiliations

    • Regional Health Administration, Box 1908, Ministry of Health, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
  • ,
  • D.W Belcher

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community Health, University of Ghana School of Medicine, Accra, Ghana

Received 9 May 2003 ,Revised 22 September 2003 ,Accepted 22 September 2003.

References 

  1. Ashton, J., 2000. Monitoring the Quality of Hospital Care. Quality Assurance Project, Center for Human Services, Bethesda.
  2. Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar P. Profile of snakebite envenoming in western Maharashtra, India. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002;96:79–84
  3. Chippaux JP. Snake bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull. World Health Organiz. 1998;76:515–524
  4. Chippaux JP, Williams V, White J. Snake venom variability: methods of study, results and interpretation. Toxicon. 1991;29:1279–1303
  5. Chippaux JP, Lang J, Eddine SA, Fagot P, Rage V, Peyrieux JC, et al. Clinical safety of a polyvalent F(ab′)2 equine antivenom in 223 African snake envenomations: a field trial in Cameroon. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998;92:657–662
  6. Laing GD, Lee L, Smith DC, Landon J, Theakston RD. Experimental assessment of a new, low-cost antivenom for treatment of carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming. Toxicon. 1995;33:307–313
  7. Meyer WP, Habib AG, Onayade AA, Yakubu A, Smith DC, Nasidi A, et al. First clinical experiences with a new ovine Fab Echis ocellatus snake bite antivenom. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1997;56:291–300
  8. Muguli, G.I., Maramba, Washaya, C.T., 1994. Snake bites in Zimbabwe: a clinical study with emphasis on the need for antivenom. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 40, 83–88.
  9. Nhachi CF, Kasilo OM. Snake poisoning in rural Zimbabwe—a prospective study. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1994;14:191–193
  10. Reid HA. Snake bite. Trop. Doctor. 1972;2:155–163
  11. Reid HA, Theakston RDG. The management of snake bite. Bull. World Health Organiz. 1983;61:885–895
  12. Snow RW, Bronzan R, Roques T, Nyamawi C, Murphy S, Marsh K. The prevalence and morbidity of snake bite and treatment-seeking behaviour among a rural Kenyan population. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1994;88:665–671
  13. Swiecicki AW. Snakes and snake bite in the western Region, Ghana. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1965;68:300–304
  14. Theakston RD. An objective approach to antivenom therapy and assessment of first-aid measures in snake bite. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1997;91:857–865
  15. Visser LE, Kyei-Faried S. Snake bites: a simple treatment protocol for rural areas. Ghana Med. J. 2003;37:57–61
  16. Warrell DA. Venomous bites and stings in the tropical world. Med. J. Aust. 1993;159:773–779
  17. Warrell, D.A., 1995. Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East/Arabian Peninsula, in: Meier, J., White, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. CRC Press, New York, pp. 435–489.
  18. Warrell, D.A., 1997. Geographical and intraspecies variation in the clinical manifestations of envenoming by snakes, in: Thorpe, R.S., Wüster, W., Malhotra, A. (Eds.), Ecology, Evolution and Snakebite, Venomous Snakes. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 189–203.
  19. Warrell DA, Arnett C. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria. Acta Tropica. 1976;33:307–341

PII: S0035-9203(03)00065-8

doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00065-8

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume 98, Issue 5 , Pages 278-283 , May 2004